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NEUROSCIENCE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE AND DEPENDENCE

behavioural effects 79–80, 110
genetic studies 136–138
combined risk with other psychoactive substances 138–147
susceptibility 138
mechanism of action 80
opiate peptides 79
tolerance and withdrawal 80–81
treatment of dependence 81–84
substitution therapy 82

Paramethoxyamphetamine (PMA) 104
Parkinsonism, side-effect in schizophrenia 172
Pavlovian incentive learning 44–45, 51
PCP, see Phencyclidine
Pemoline, see Amphetamines
Peptide neurotransmitters 35
Peptide systems, depression 186–187
PET, see Positron emission tomography
Phencyclidine (PCP) 104
NMDA glutamate receptor antagonist 109, 178–179
Phenylethylamine drugs 104
PMA, see Paramethoxyamphetamine
Pons 20
Positron emission tomography (PET) 40
Prevention studies
ethical issues 227–231
drug immunotherapies 229–231
early intervention studies 227–228
pharmacotherapy, clinical trials 211
genetics 243–244
Privacy and confidentiality, ethical issues 221–222, 230
Prodynorphin 137
Prosencephalon 20
Protein synthesis 27
Provocation studies, ethical issues 223–224
Pseudoephedrine, see Amphetamines
Psilocybin 104
Psychoactive substances (see also Dependence; specific substances)
adverse effects 10–12
behavioural effects 110
cellular effects 36–38
classification of use 2
craving, defined 56
definitions 15

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Index 260 19.1.2004, 11:52