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NEUROSCIENCE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE AND DEPENDENCE

dopamine levels in frontal cortex 178
epidemic of amphetamine-type stimulant use 98
mechanism of action 95
synthetic, see Ecstasy
tolerance and withdrawal 54, 95–96
gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) 33
and alcohol abuse 70–72
and benzodiazepines 74
GABA-A receptors 31–33, 140–141
GABAergic systems 140–141
Anandamides 86
Animal models
ethical issues 209, 218–219
genetics 128–130
Antidepressants
placebo in smoking studies 181
reduction in cocaine use 182
SSRIs 185–186
Antipsychotic drugs
and dopamine receptor D2 174
typical/atypical, and schizophrenia 173
Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) 189
Atropine 104–105
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), amphetamine treatment 94,
95, 96
Autonomy, ethical issues 216
Axon 28

Barbiturates, see Sedatives and hypnotics
Basal ganglia 24
Behavioural processes underlying dependence 43–65
conditioning
classical/pavlovian 44–45
instrumental/operant 46–47
defined 56–57
incentive 46–47
incentive–motivational responding 48
individual differences 55
motivation 48
reinforcement 47
reward 46
Beneficence, biomedical ethics 217
Benzodiazepines, see Sedatives and hypnotics
Brain anatomy and organization 19–25

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Index 252 19.1.2004, 11:52