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NEUROSCIENCE OF PSYCHOACTIVE SUBSTANCE USE AND DEPENDENCE
Serotonin 35
Peptides 35
Genes 35
Cellular and neuronal effects of psychoactive substances 36
Cellular effects 36
Neuronal effects 38
Conclusion 39
Chapter 3. Biobehavioural Processes Underlying Dependence 43
Introduction 43
Defining terms 44
Classical or Pavlovian conditioning 44
Instrumental or operant conditioning 46
Reinforcer 47
Reward 47
Incentive 47
Motivation 48
Incentive-motivational responding 48
Drug reward alone does not explain drug dependence 48
Drug dependence as a response to incentive-motivation 49
Drug dependence as a response to drug withdrawal 50
Dopamine and reinforcement learning 50
Dependence-producing drugs as surrogates of conventional
reinforcers 51
Dopamine and incentive sensitization 52
Psychomotor sensitization 53
Sensitization and drug reward 53
Sensitization and tolerance 54
Individual differences 55
Summary 58
Chapter 4. Psychopharmacology of Dependence for Different
Drug Classes 67
Introduction 67
Alcohol (ethanol) 69
Introduction 69
Behavioural effects 69
Mechanism of action 70
Tolerance and withdrawal 70
Neurobiological adaptations to prolonged use 72
Pharmacological treatment of alcohol dependence 72
Sedatives and hypnotics 73
Introduction 73
Behavioural effects 73
Mechanism of action 74
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Pagetit 4 19.1.2004, 12:36
