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Smolyakov, R., K. Riesenberg, et al. (2002). "Streptococcal Septic
Arthritis and Necrotizing Fasciitis in an Intravenous Drug User Couple
Sharing Needles." IMAJ 4: 302-303.

Sullivan, L. and D. A. Fiellin (2004). "Hepatitis C and HIV Infections:
Implications for Clinical Care in Injection Drug Users." The American
Journal on Addictions 13: 1-20.

Our objective is to provide a state-of-the-art review on hepatitis C (HCV)
and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in injection drug users
(IDUs), highlighting important clinical issues. We performed a literature
review from the MEDLINE database for research from 1966 to 2003, with
an emphasis on recent consensus documents. Of the estimated 15 million
illicit drug users in the U.S., approximately 1.0 to 1.5 million inject drugs.
IDUs are at significant risk of contracting HCV and HIV, with IDUs
accounting for 60% of new HCV cases and 25% of new HIV infections. It
is a major risk factor for HCV/HIV coinfection, which significantly impacts
on each disorder’s progression. It appears that treatment response in IDUs
with HCV or HIV is similar to non-IDUs with these viruses and that
medication adherence and treatment outcomes are optimized when linked
with substance abuse treatment. Providers caring for patients who are or
were IDUs must be aware of the management of these diseases and make
efforts to integrate their medical care with the treatment of their substance
abuse.

Werner, S. B., D. Passaro, et al. (2000). "Wound Botulism in
California, 1951-1998: Recent Epidemic in Heroin Injectors." Clinical
Infectious Diseases 31: 1018-1024