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human immunodeficiency, T-lympho tropic viruses." Am J Public
Health 86: 655-661.

Hagan, H. and D. C. D. Jarlais (2000). "HIV and HCV Infection
among Injecting Drug Users." the Mount Sinai journal of medicine
67(Nos. 5&6): 423-428.

Metzger, D. S., G. E. Woody, et al. (1993). "Human
immunodeficiency virus seroconversion among drug users in- and out
of-treatment: And 18-month prospective follow-up." Journal of
Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome 6: 1049-1056.

Noone, M., M. Tabaqchali, et al. (2002). "Clostridium novyi causing
Necrotizing fasciitis in an injecting drug user." Journal of Clinical
Pathology 55: 141-142.

Novick, D. M. (2000). "The impact of hepatitis C virus infection on
methadone maintenance treatment." The Mount Sinai Journal of
Medicine 67(5 & 6): 437-443.

Novick, D. M., H. Joseph, et al. (1990). "Absence of antibody to
human immunodeficiency virus in long-term, socially rehabilitated
methadone maintenance patients." Arch Intern Med 150(1): 97-9.

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection has become widespread
among parenteral drug abusers. We measured antibody to HIV and hepatitis
B virus markers in 58 long-term, socially rehabilitated methadone-
maintained former heroin addicts. None of the 58 had antibody to HIV, but
one or more markers of hepatitis B virus infection were seen in 53 (91%).
The duration of methadone maintenance was 16.9 +/- 0.5 years, and the
median dose of methadone was 60 mg (range, 5 to 100 mg). Before
methadone treatment, the patients had abused heroin parenterally for 10.3
+/- 1.7 years, and they had engaged in additional high-risk practices for
HIV infection. We conclude that successful outcomes during methadone
maintenance treatment are associated with sparing of parenteral drug
abusers from HIV infection.