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servation. About the same time an equally
                                         beneficial step was the employment of the
                                         telescope as a pointer; not the Galilean with
                                         concave eye-piece, but with a magnifying
                                         glass to examine the focal image, at which
                                         also a fixed mark could be placed. Kepler
                                         was the first to suggest this. Gascoigne was
                                         the first to use it. Huyghens used a metal
                                         strip of variable width in the focus, as a mi-
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