Page 391 - 20dynamics of cancer

376 SUBJECT INDEX

incidence, see age-specific incidence mitogenesis and cancer risk, 62,
initiator-promoter, see multistage 173, 175, 190, 191, 193, 194,
progression 196–98
mitotic age, 293–94, 296–302
Japan, cancer incidence in, 314–33 mortality
late-life plateau, 202–9
Kaplan-Meier plots, 28, 155–57 leading causes, 202–9
knockout genotypes, see laboratory multistage model of, 206–9
studies See also aging
mosaicism, 304–8
laboratory studies field cancerization, 304, 307–8
carcinogen application, 29, 37, 38, skin pigmentation, 240, 304, 306
61–63, 139–41, 168–70 See also Blaschko, lines of, devel-
comparisons between genotypes, opment, mutations during
28, 154–60, 312 multilineage progression, 37, 57,
See also skin 289–92, 302–4
landscaper genes, 71 multistage progression
See also stroma alternative pathways, 43–49, 57,
leukemia, 35, 56, 90, 252, 319, 320, 93, 116–20
327, 330 definition, 37–38
life table aging rate history of theory, 59–80, 90–92
compared with log-log accelera- initiator-promoter, two-stage
tion, 138 model, 37, 38, 62, 75, 179
liposarcoma, 221, 223 parallel lines of progression, 93,
liver cancer, 25, 33, 35, 95, 325–27, 100–3, 110, 117, 124, 126, 128,
333 130, 153, 187, 188, 233
loss of heterozygosity (LOH), 43, 44, rate-limiting step, 38, 50, 52, 55,
48, 50, 303, 306 63, 67, 71, 75, 80, 88, 93, 111,
lung cancer, 29, 35, 76, 156, 159, 121, 123–29, 159, 161, 179, 194,
168, 171, 174, 180–90, 252, 315, 198, 207, 208, 216, 220, 221,
316, 319, 320, 323, 324, 327, 233, 311
328, 330, 333 variation in transition rates, 103–
in nonsmokers, 29, 30, 90, 181, 13, 130, 138
182, 189, 248 See also apoptosis
See also smoking mutation
balance against selection, 237–42
melanoma, 35, 89, 263, 319, 320, hypermutation (mutator), 51, 72–
327, 330 74, 78–80, 200
metastasis, 36–38, 42, 57 to pathway, 40, 46, 199, 200,
basement membrane, breaking, 54 220–22, 240, 244, 246
methylation, see epigenetic change rate, 45, 46, 66, 71–75, 77, 79,
microsatellite 88, 146, 149, 158–60, 237–42,
as lineage marker, 294–95 265–69, 275–76
microsatellite instability (MSI), 40, spectrum, 44, 45, 47, 191–94
43, 46, 199 myc, 40, 52, 244
mismatch repair (MMR), see DNA
repair natural selection, 132, 135, 234–42,