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of the ancient nations measured the obliq-
                                         uity of the ecliptic by the shadows of a verti-
                                         cal column in summer and winter. The nat-
                                         ural horizon was the only instrument of pre-
                                         cision used by those who determined star
                                         positions by the directions of their risings
                                         and settings; while in those days the clepsy-
                                         dra, or waterclock, was the best instrument
                                         for comparing their times of rising and set-
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