Page 34 - 86 human physiology part-2

Nutrition

double bond.
• D. Polyunsaturated fatty acid a fatty acid that has two or more double bonds on the carbon
chain.

Essential fatty acids part of the polyunsaturated fatty acids

• E. Linoleic acid and essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, it first double bond is a t the 6th
carbon this is why it can be called Omega 6.
• F. Linolenic acid an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid, it first double bond is at the 3rd
carbon this is why it can be called Omega 3, and is the main member of the omega-3 family.
• G. Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) , is derived form linolecin acid and is the main fatty acid
found in fish, also called omega 3.
• H. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHE), is an omega 3 fatty acid is synthesized in body from
alph-linolenic acid and is present in fish. DHA is present in retina and brain.

Nonessential

• I. Sterols serve a vital function in the body and are produced by the body and are not
essential nutrients, this structure of a lipid is cholesterol. This is a waxy substance that doesn't
look like a triglyceride it doesn't have a glycerol backbone or fatty acids but because it is
impermeable in water it is a lipid.
• J. CIS- Trans Fatty acids hydrogenation makes monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty
acids go from a state of their original form that is cis to a trans form. Addition of hydrogens
ions will cause vegetable oil to harden. Additionally, they may stimulate cholesterol synthesis,
and are potentially carcinogenic.

Absorption process of triglycerides. This is the fat that your body deals with most of the time.
They are absorbed with the transport of chylomincres into the lymphatic system which in turn will pour
into the blood stream at the thoracic duct. Once it enters the blood stream the chylomicrons take the
triglycerides into the cells. The triglycerides that are on the outer part of the chylomicrons are broken
down by lipoprotein lipase. Lipoprotein lipase can be found on the walls of capillaries. It is this enzyme
that will break it into fatty acids and monoglycerides. The fatty acids are taken by the body's cells while
the monoglycerides are taken to the liver to be processed.

More Info on Lipids:

• 1. Lipids are structural components found in every cell of the human body. That is they
form the lipid bilayer found in individual cells. They also serve as the myelin sheath found in
neurons.
• 2. Lipids provide us with energy, most of that energy is in the form of triacylglycerols.
• 3. Both lipids and lipid derivatives serve as vitamins and hormones.
• 4. Lipophilic bile acids aid in lipid solubility

Vitamins and Minerals

We all need micronutrients in small quantities to sustain health. Micronutrients include dietary
minerals and vitamins. While all minerals and vitamins can be obtained through food, many people do
not consume enough to meet their micronutrient needs and instead may take a supplement.

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