Page 197 - 84 human physiolofy part-1

The Urinary System

forms of medications are used, while others are contraindicated. Provided that treatment is begun early,
it may be possible to reverse chronic kidney failure due to diabetes or high blood pressure. If creatinine
clearance (a measure of renal function) has fallen very low ("end-stage renal failure"), or if the renal
dysfunction leads to severe symptoms, dialysis is commenced. Dialysis is a medical procedure,
performed in various different forms, where the blood is filtered outside of the body.

Kidney transplantation is the only cure for end stage renal failure; dialysis, is a supportive
treatment; a form of "buying time" to bridge the inevitable wait for a suitable organ.

The first successful kidney transplant was announced on March 4, 1954 at Peter Bent Brigham
Hospital in Boston. The surgery was performed by Dr. Joseph E. Murray, who was awarded the Nobel
Prize in Medicine in 1990 for this feat.

There are two types of kidney transplants: living donor transplant and a cadaveric (dead donor)
transplant. When a kidney from a living donor, usually a blood relative, is transplanted into the patient's
body, the donor's blood group and tissue type must be judged compatible with the patient's, and
extensive medical tests are done to determine the health of the donor. Before a cadaveric donor's organs
can be transplanted, a series of medical tests have to be done to determine if the organs are healthy.
Also, in some countries, the family of the donor must give its consent for the organ donation. In both
cases, the recipient of the new organ needs to take drugs to suppress their immune system to help
prevent their body from rejecting the new kidney.

Review Questions

1.While reading a blood test I notice a high level of creatinine, I could assume from this that

A) There is a possibility of a UTI
B) There is a possibility of diabetes
C) There is a possibility of kidney failure
D) There is nothing wrong, this is normal

2.Direct control of water excretion in the kidneys is controlled by

A) Anti-diuretic hormone
B) The medulla oblongata
C) Blood plasma
D) Sodium amounts in the blood

3. Nephrons

A) Eliminate wastes from the body
B) Regulate blood volume and pressure
C) Control levels of electrolytes and metabolites
D) Regulate blood pH
E) All of the above

4. If I am dehydrated, my body will increase

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