Page 132 - 49A Field Guide to Genetic Programming

118 12 Applications

must earn the rating of “human competitive” independently of the fact that
it was generated by an automated method.
Koza proposed that an automatically-created result should be considered
“human-competitive” if it satisfies at least one of these eight criteria:

1. The result was patented as an invention in the past, is an improvement
over a patented invention or would qualify today as a patentable new
invention.
2. The result is equal to or better than a result that was accepted as a new
scientific result at the time when it was published in a peer-reviewed
scientific journal.

3. The result is equal to or better than a result that was placed into a
database or archive of results maintained by an internationally recog-
nised panel of scientific experts.
4. The result is publishable in its own right as a new scientific result,
independent of the fact that the result was mechanically created.

5. The result is equal to or better than the most recent human-created
solution to a long-standing problem for which there has been a succes-
sion of increasingly better human-created solutions.
6. The result is equal to or better than a result that was considered an
achievement in its field at the time it was first discovered.
7. The result solves a problem of indisputable difficulty in its field.

8. The result holds its own or wins a regulated competition involving
human contestants (in the form of either live human players or human-
written computer programs).
These criteria are independent of, and at arm’s length from, the fields of
artificial intelligence, machine learning, and GP.
Over the years, dozens of results have passed the human-competitiveness
test. Some pre-2004 human-competitive results include:
• Creation of quantum algorithms, including a better-than-classical al-
gorithm for a database search problem and a solution to an AND/OR
query problem (Spector et al., 1998, 1999).

• Creation of a competitive soccer-playing program for the RoboCup 1997
competition (Luke, 1998).

• Creation of algorithms for the transmembrane segment identification
problem for proteins (Koza, 1994, Sections 18.8 and 18.10) and (Koza
et al., 1999, Sections 16.5 and 17.2).