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Digression: Symmetry operations
2 3 I 2 3

1 4 1 4 Unit operation

2 3 C 4 1 2 C 4 4 1 C 4 3 4 C 4 2 3
3 2 2 1 1 4
1 4 4 3
4
(C ) = I
4
Rotation around 4-fold axis (90°)

2 3 C 2 1 4 C 2 2 3 Rotation around
1 4 2 3 2-fold axis (180°)
1 4
2
(C ) = I
2

2 3 C 2 2 1 C 2 2 3 Rotation around diagonal
3
1 4 4 1 4 2-fold axis (180°)

2 3 σ h 2 3
Reflexion at horizontal mirror plane
1 4 1 4

2 3 σ d 1 4 σ d 2 3 Reflexion at
1 4 2 3 1 4 dihedral mirror plane
2
(σ ) = I
d

2 3 σ v 2 1 σ v 2 3
Reflexion at
1 4 3 4 1 4
vertical mirror plane
2
(σ ) = I
v

C 8 σ h Rotatory reflexion

4 1
2 3 i i 2 3
3 2 Inversion
1 4 1 4
2
(i) = I